Philosophical Investigations
After finishing the first preface, the book enters into the conclusion, but the writing style is quite unique.
To put it bluntly, it's pretty creepy.
The main content is as follows, and the subsequent chapters are devoted to detailed explanations of these.
It is impossible to describe "What is a dog?" in terms of things. Bad.iconThings: A general term for animals of the Canidae family. Good.iconFacts: "Dogs have four legs", "Dogs have tails", "Dogs bark." 1.13 The facts in logical space are the world.
2. What is the case, the fact, is the existence of atomic facts. (State of affairs + obtaining = fact)
2.01 A state of affairs (a state of things) is a combination of objects (things).
["An object is the possibility of a state of affairs."] 2.011 It is essential to a thing that it can be a constituent part of a state of affairs.
["A state of affairs is a concept that includes everything that is the case, up to the non-existent."] https://gyazo.com/f189d12fee73708ce8d03422e3b6eddb
2.1 We make to ourselves pictures of facts.
3. The logical image of a fact is a thought (something that is thought, an object of thought, the content of thought). (Facts and thoughts are parallel. They are not situations or thoughts.)
The concept that the logical image of a fact is a thought.
3.001 "To be able to think of a situation" means that we can create an image of that situation. What cannot be thought of cannot exist in the logical space. "I can easily imagine a dog running, and even though it may be difficult in reality, I can still _think of a dog going to space in the logical space. However, there are concepts that cannot be constructed, such as "a dog becoming half" (this is very meta, and if it can be written here, it becomes something that can be thought of). Often, situations that cannot be thought of mean that the string does not make sense in human thought. 3.01 The totality of true thoughts is the image of the world.
https://gyazo.com/815bbbd06615b254f9fa06a9409dc214
3.1 In propositions, thoughts are expressed in a perceptible way. 3.11 We use propositions as symbols (such as phonetic symbols and character symbols) that project possible situations. The method of projection is to think of propositions = meaning.
3.12 I call the symbols we use to express thoughts propositional symbols. And propositions are the propositional symbols that are in a projection relationship with the world. 4.001 The totality of propositions is language. 4.002 Humans have the ability to construct language.
4.003 Most of the propositions and questions written about philosophical matters are not wrong, but nonsense.
Overwhelming denial!!!!!! tkgshn.icon*9
Therefore, we cannot answer such questions. We can only confirm that they are nonsense. Most of the questions and propositions of philosophers are based on our lack of understanding of the logic of our language.
(They are questions like "Is good the same as beautiful, even if there is a difference in degree?")
And the most profound problem is not even a problem, it is not surprising that the problem of the logicality of the language used in thinking is a barren one is shouted out! tkgshn.icon*3
In everyday language, the same language can be used in different styles, and from this, the basic confusion that is seen throughout philosophy arises. To overcome this, it is necessary to construct a symbolic language with logical grammar. 'Unanswerable questions' are claims that 'the premise is wrong' in the first place."
Propositions are compounds of elementary propositions connected by logical connectives.
Any compound proposition is ultimately a 'combination of elementary propositions connected by logical connectives,' and the theory of truth functions states that 'the truth or falsity of a compound proposition is determined by the truth or falsity of its elementary propositions.' " (You can probably understand the atmosphere, but) we use the concept of logical operations to calculate the truth or falsity because the logical structure of language is too complex. 4.12 Propositions can describe the entire reality. But there are things that cannot be described. That is, what propositions must share with reality in order to describe reality――that is, logical form. To describe logical form, we must stand outside of logic, that is, outside of the world, along with propositions.
4.121 Propositions represent the logical form of reality. Propositions present the logical form of reality.
4.122 What can be shown cannot be said.
6. In general, a truth function can be written as https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2280fc5b18f2a18924aeac15d592429f9a30389c#.png, which is the general form of a proposition. If a question can be asked at all, then it can be answered.
The concept of a priori is introduced in logic. https://gyazo.com/b12fb6d279a916a4aace7b3cde903ccb
4.6 The limits of my language means the limits of my world.
7. Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.
Proposition 7, which adorns the end of this book, has no auxiliary propositions. This book is closed by a proposition that is elegant and somewhat moving in its sound. 'Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.' "
Often, only the phrase "We must remain silent about things that cannot be spoken" is highlighted, but I think it's interesting because of the context leading up to it.
It's cool just as a string of words, but it's worth reading.
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